gong2022 佐治亚理工学院的一个科学家小组研究了500名18至35岁的亚特兰大志愿者的瞳孔大小和智力之间的关系。他们被要求接受思维、注意力和记忆测试。事实证明，瞳孔的扩大不仅显示兴奋或疲惫，而且可能是个人智力差异的标志。专家在《认知》杂志上发表的一项研究中声称，瞳孔越大，智力就越高。在智力测试中得分最高和最低的人之间的原始瞳孔大小的差异可以肉眼看到。这可能是因为有大瞳孔的人在智力和记忆相关领域有更好的大脑活动水平。科学家还指出，瞳孔的大小和年龄之间有负关系：老年志愿者的瞳孔通常更小。科学家这样说：有大瞳孔的人对大脑的这一区域有更好的过程调节，这提高了大脑的认知和功能能力。早些时候，苏格兰科学家发现了儿童高智商的来源。苏格兰爱丁堡大学的一组研究人员进行了一项大规模研究，比较了来自世界各地的24万多人的DNA变异，发现了500多个与智力相关的基因。
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Pupil Size Is a Marker of Intelligence
瞳孔大小是智力的标志
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It has been said that “the eyes are the window to the soul,” but new research suggests that they may be a window to the brain as well. Our pupils respond to more than just the light. They indicate arousal, interest or mental exhaustion. Pupil dilation is even used by the FBI to detect deception. Now work conducted in our laboratory at the Georgia Institute of Technology suggests that baseline pupil size is closely related to individual differences in intelligence. The larger the pupils, the higher the intelligence, as measured by tests of reasoning, attention and memory.
人们常说“眼睛是心灵的窗户”，但新的研究表明，眼睛可能也是大脑的窗户。我们的瞳孔不仅仅对光有反应。它们显示出兴奋、兴趣或精神疲惫。瞳孔扩张甚至被联邦调查局用来侦察骗局。现在，我们在乔治亚理工学院的实验室进行的研究表明，瞳孔的基础大小与个体智力差异密切相关。从推理、注意力和记忆力测试来看，瞳孔越大，智力越高。
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We found that a larger baseline pupil size was correlated with greater fluid intelligence, attention control and, to a lesser degree, working memory capacity—indicating a fascinating relationship between the brain and eye. Interestingly, pupil size was negatively correlated with age: older participants tended to have smaller, more constricted, pupils. Once standardized for age, however, the relationship between pupil size and cognitive ability remained.
我们发现，更大的瞳孔基础大小与更高的流体智力、注意力控制能力以及较小程度上的工作记忆容量相关——这表明大脑和眼睛之间有一种迷人的关系。有趣的是，瞳孔大小与年龄呈负相关：年龄较大的参与者的瞳孔往往更小、更狭窄。然而，一旦对年龄进行标准化，瞳孔大小和认知能力之间的关系仍然存在。
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But why does pupil size correlate with intelligence? To answer this question, we need to understand what is going on in the brain. Pupil size is related to activity in the locus coeruleus, a nucleus situated in the upper brain stem with far-reaching neural connections to the rest of the brain. The locus coeruleus releases norepinephrine, which functions as both a neurotransmitter and hormone in the brain and body, and it regulates processes such as perception, attention, learning and memory.
但是为什么瞳孔大小与智力有关呢？要回答这个问题，我们需要了解大脑中发生了什么。瞳孔的大小与蓝斑的活动有关，蓝斑是位于脑干上部的一个核，与大脑的其他部分有着广泛的神经连接。蓝斑释放去甲肾上腺素，去甲肾上腺素在大脑和身体中既是一种神经递质也是一种激素，它调节诸如感知、注意力、学习和记忆等过程。
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今日单词
pupil /?pju?pl/ n.瞳孔；
soul /so?l/ n.灵魂；心灵；
arousal /??ra?zl/ n.兴奋；
dilation /da??le??n/ n.扩张；扩大；
FBI （美国）联邦调查局（Federal Bureau of Investigation）；
detect/d??tekt/ vt.发现；查明；侦察出；
baseline /?be?sla?n/ n.基础；起点；
be correlated with 与…相关；
fluid intelligence 流体智力；
working memory capacity / ?w??rk?? ?mem?ri k??p?s?ti/ 工作记忆容量；
fascinating /?f?s?ne?t??/ adj.极有吸引力的；迷人的；
constricted /k?n?str?kt?d/ adj.收缩的；狭窄的；受限制的；
standardize /?st?nd?rda?z/ vt.使标准化；使符合标准（或规格）；
locus coeruleus 蓝斑核，蓝斑；
nucleus /?nu?kli?s/ n.核心；中心；
brain stem 脑干；
far-reaching/?fɑ?r ?ri?t???/ adj.影响深远的；广泛的；
norepinephrine /,n?rep?’nefrin/ n.去甲肾上腺素；
function as 起…作用；具有…功能；
neurotransmitter /?n?ro?tr?nzm?t?r/ n.神经递质（在神经细胞间或向肌肉传递信息）；
hormone /?h??rmo?n/ n.激素，荷尔蒙；
素材来源
文本选自：Scientific American（科学美国人）
原文发布时间：3 June 2021
每日美句
Truth never fears investigation.
事实从来不怕调查。
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